Immune Players in the CNS: The Astrocyte

被引:157
作者
Jensen, Cathy J. [1 ]
Massie, Ann [2 ]
De Keyser, Jacques [1 ,3 ]
机构
[1] Vrije Univ Brussel, Dept Neurol, Univ Ziekenhuis Brussel, Ctr Neurosci, Brussels, Belgium
[2] Vrije Univ Brussel, Dept Pharmaceut Biotechnol & Mol Biol, Ctr Neurosci, Brussels, Belgium
[3] Univ Groningen, Univ Med Ctr Groningen, Dept Neurol, Groningen, Netherlands
关键词
Astrocyte; Immunity; Cytokine; Chemokine; APC; PAMP; Astrogliosis; CENTRAL-NERVOUS-SYSTEM; TOLL-LIKE RECEPTOR-3; METABOTROPIC GLUTAMATE RECEPTORS; B7 COSTIMULATORY MOLECULES; ANTIGEN-PRESENTING CELLS; MULTIPLE-SCLEROSIS LESIONS; BRAIN-BARRIER DISRUPTION; CYTOKINES TGF-BETA; MHC CLASS-II; IFN-GAMMA;
D O I
10.1007/s11481-013-9480-6
中图分类号
Q189 [神经科学];
学科分类号
071006 ;
摘要
In the finely balanced environment of the central nervous system astrocytes, the most numerous cell type, play a role in regulating almost every physiological system. First found to regulate extracellular ions and pH, they have since been shown to regulate neurotransmitter levels, cerebral blood flow and energy metabolism. There is also growing evidence for an essential role of astrocytes in central immunity, which is the topic of this review. In the healthy state, the central nervous system is potently anti-inflammatory but under threat astrocytes readily respond to pathogens and to both sterile and pathogen-induced cell damage. In response, astrocytes take on some of the roles of immune cells, releasing cyto- and chemokines to influence effector cells, modulating the blood-brain barrier and forming glial scars. To date, much of the data supporting a role for astrocytes in immunity have been obtained from in vitro systems; however data from experimental models and clinical samples support the suggestion that astrocytes perform similar roles in more complex environments. This review will discuss some aspects of the role of astrocytes in central nervous system immunity.
引用
收藏
页码:824 / 839
页数:16
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