Recent progress on hybrid fibrous electromagnetic shields: Key protectors of living species against electromagnetic radiation

The digitalization of human life, as a result of the rapid development of telecommunication systems, has skyrocketed electromagnetic (EM) pollution with a deteriorating effect on the function of elec-tronic devices and the health of living creatures. Accordingly, long-term exposure to EM waves disturbs the body's metabolism through irreversible changes, leading to serious cell damage or even cancer. Consequently, protecting vulnerable groups from haz-ardous EM sources has become an essential fundamental matter. This comprehensive review investigated the interactive mechanism of EM waves with biological systems and proposed reliable ap-proaches for safeguarding vulnerable biological systems using various nanostructural designs. Fibrous materials and their various configurations are also introduced as versatile wearable safeguard-ing shields to protect vulnerable entities from incident EM waves. Furthermore, the fibrous materials are presented as promising can-didates for shielding EM waves by absorption mechanisms, thereby mitigating the undesirable secondary reflections, a common short-fall for most EM wave shields.