Clinical Adverse Effects of Endothelin Receptor Antagonists: Insights From the Meta-Analysis of 4894 Patients From 24 Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trials

Background-Evidence of the clinical safety of endothelin receptor antagonists (ERAs) is limited and derived mainly from individual trials; therefore, we conducted a meta-analysis. Methods and Results-After systematic searches of the Medline, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases and the ClinicalTrials.gov website, randomized controlled trials with patients receiving ERAs (bosentan, macitentan, or ambrisentan) in at least 1 treatment group were included. All reported adverse events of ERAs were evaluated. Summary relative risks and 95% CIs were calculated using random-or fixed-effects models according to between-study heterogeneity. In total, 24 randomized trials including 4894 patients met the inclusion criteria. Meta-analysis showed that the incidence of abnormal liver function (7.91% versus 2.84%; risk ratio [RR] 2.38, 95% CI 1.36-4.18), peripheral edema (14.36% versus 9.68%; RR 1.44, 95% CI 1.20-1.74), and anemia (6.23% versus 2.44%; RR 2.69, 95% CI 1.78-4.07) was significantly higher in the ERA group compared with placebo. In comparisons of individual ERAs with placebo, bosentan (RR 3.78, 95% CI 2.42-5.91) but not macitentan (RR 1.17, 95% CI 0.42-3.31) significantly increased the risk of abnormal liver function, whereas ambrisentan (RR 0.06, 95% CI 0.01-0.45) significantly decreased that risk. Bosentan (RR 1.47, 95% CI 1.06-2.03) and ambrisentan (RR 2.02, 95% CI 1.40-2.91) but not macitentan (RR 1.08, 95% CI 0.81-1.46) significantly increased the risk of peripheral edema. Bosentan (RR 3.09, 95% CI 1.52-6.30) and macitentan (RR 2.63, 95% CI 1.54-4.47) but not ambrisentan (RR 1.30, 95% CI 0.20-8.48) significantly increased the risk of anemia. ERAs were not found to increase other reported adverse events compared with placebo. Conclusions-The present meta-analysis showed that the main adverse effects of treatment with ERAs were hepatic transaminitis (bosentan), peripheral edema (bosentan and ambrisentan), and anemia (bosentan and macitentan).