Evidence for improved survival with treatment of homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia

Purpose of review Homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (HoFH) is an orphan disease caused by biallelic mutations at the LDL receptor (LDLR) gene, with a prevalence estimated at 1 : 250 000 to 1 : 630 000. HoFH is characterized by extremely elevated plasma levels of LDL-C greater than 10 mmol/l (>387 mg/dl), tendinous and cutaneous xanthomas in youth and premature atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). The expected prevalence varies from country to country depending on the presence of founder effects, genetic probability and life expectancy. Untreated, HoFH is a fatal condition before age 30. Plasma levels of LDL-C are the major cause of mortality and the therapeutic target. Statin therapy led to a remarkable improvement in survival but is of limited use in loss-of-functionLDLRgene variants or 'null' mutations. Inhibitors of PCSK9 are a useful adjunct in patients withLDLRmutations with residual activity. Extracorporeal LDL filtration has improved survival since its introduction three decades ago. Recent findings Novel therapies, not dependent on a functioning LDLR include lomitapide and mipomersen, which decrease hepatic apolipoprotein B secretion, and evinacumab, directed at the angiopoietin like-3 protein (ANGPLT-3). Over the past 3-4 decades, the survival of patients with HoFH has increased markedly. New therapeutic options offer new hope.