Sn/SnO2 embedded in mesoporous carbon nanocomposites as negative electrode for lithium ion batteries

Mesoporous Sn/SnO2/carbon composites with uniformly Sn/SnO2 embedded within the carbon pore walls have been rationally designed and synthesized. These nanocomposites have been characterized by XRD, SEM, TEM, XPS and tested as negative electrodes in a cell using lithium foil as the counter electrode. The inclusion of metallic Sn in SnO2/CMK-3 resulted in a unique, ordered structure and provided a synergistic effect which resulted in an impressive initial reversible capacity of 799 mAh g(-1). In addition, at a higher current of 800 mA g(-1), the heterostructure was able to provide a stable capacity of 350 mAh g(-1). Furthermore, a retention capacity of similar to 670 mAh g(-1) was obtained after 60 cycles. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.