Hard Carbon Reprising Porous Morphology Derived from Coconut Sheath for Sodium-Ion Battery

Seeking effective energy technology has become a herculean task in today's world. Sodium-ion batteries play a vital role in the present energy tech market due to their entrancing electrochemical properties and this work is a breakthrough for developing sodium-ion batteries. As per recent reports, the preparation of anode materials seems to be very tedious in the realm of sodium-ion batteries. To remedy these issues, this work enlightens the preparation of hard carbon (HC) derived from coconut sheath (CS) by a pyrolysis process with different activating agents (KOH, NaOH, ZnCl2) and employed as an anode material for Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). The prepared anode material was characterized for its thermal, structural, functional, morphological, and electrochemical properties. Additionally, the surface area and pore diameter of the as-prepared anode material was studied by nitrogen adsorption and desorption isotherm methods. The coconut sheath-derived hard carbon (CSHC) anode material delivered an initial charge capacity of 141 mAh g(-1), 153 mAh g(-1), and 162 mAh g(-1) at a 1 C rate with a coulombic efficiency over 98.8%, 99.3%, and 99.5%, even after 100 cycles, respectively.