A Dual-Stage Controller for Frequency Regulation in a Two-Area Realistic Diverse Hybrid Power System Using Bull-Lion Optimization

In this article, a dual-stage proportional integral-proportional derivative with filter (PI-PDF) controller has been proposed for a hybrid two-area power system model having thermal-, hydro-, gas-, wind-, and solar-based power generating sources. Superconductor magnetic energy storage (SMES) units to cope with the transient power deviations have been incorporated in both areas. Governor dead-band (GDB) is considered in the governor model of thermal, and a generation rate constraint (GRC) is considered in the thermal and hydro turbine models to analyze the impact of system nonlinearity. The parameters of the proposed control strategy are optimally tuned by deploying a newly developed bull-lion optimization (BLO) to maintain optimal frequency and power response during system load deviations. Variations in wind speed and PV solar irradiance data have been included to examine the effectiveness of the BLO-based PI-PDF controller with system uncertainties and variability of renewable energy sources. The obtained results are validated by comparison with recently developed existing optimization techniques. The results revealed that the proposed control strategy is efficient for regulating the frequency and tie-line power of renewable integrated power systems. Further, the BLO-based PI-PDF control strategy improved the performance in terms of performance indices like settling time and peak overshoot/undershoot in wide scale.