Determining the Effect of COVID-19 on the Menstrual Cycle Among Women of Reproductive Age Group in the Jazan Region: A Cross-Sectional Study

Background: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has gravely affected the world in various ways. COVID-19 is a major health crisis, with long-term physical and mental health consequences. Many women reported menstrual irregularities during and after the pandemic. The study aimed to assess the effects of COVID-19 on menstrual cycles in females of reproductive age in the Jazan region. Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional research design was utilized to conduct the study in Jazan, Saudi Arabia. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data from 346 women aged 18-44 years who had normal menstrual cycles for more than a year before the outbreak and had a history of COVID-19 infection. Result: The questionnaire was completed by 346 women. Only 144 (41.6%) of the study's respondents were aged 25-34 years. Of the respondents, 283 (81.8%) were university students, and 219 (63.3%) were married. The majority of women (337, 97.4%) were vaccinated against COVID-19. A total of 301 (87.0%) were healthy. Before being infected with COVID-19, 19.70% of the responders had irregular periods, which increased to 59.50% during infection and 33.20% after getting better. There was a relationship between the regularity of menstrual periods during COVID-19 infection and the duration of menstrual periods after COVID-19 (p = 0.035); the frequency of menstrual periods before (p = 0.001), during (p = 0.009), and after (p = 0.001) COVID-19; menstrual period regularity before (p = 0.001) and after (p = 0.001) COVID-19 infection; and pain severity level during (p = 0.001) and after (p = 0.004) COVID-19 infection. Regarding the perception of the impact of COVID-19 on menstrual changes, there was an association between COVID-19 infection and variation in days during two consecutive menstrual cycles (p = 0.001), changes in the duration of menstrual cycles (p = 0.022), delayed or absent menstruation (p = 0.019), and menstruation stopping (p = 0.023). Conclusion: The research demonstrated the COVID-19 pandemic is an international health problem that affects women, leading to changes in regularity, duration, frequency, and severity of pain. These changes may have a long-term impact on women's reproductive health.