[1] Univ Washington, Grp Hlth Res Inst, Seattle, WA 98101 USA
[2] Univ Washington, Dept Vet Affairs Puget Sound Hlth Care Syst, Ctr Excellence Subst Abuse Treatment & Educ, Seattle, WA 98101 USA
[3] Univ Washington, Dept Med, Seattle, WA 98101 USA
[4] Univ Washington, Dept Hlth Serv, Seattle, WA 98101 USA
[5] Univ Washington, Dept Pharm, Seattle, WA 98101 USA
[6] Bispebjerg Hosp, World Hlth Org Collaborating Ctr Evidence Based H, Copenhagen, Denmark
[7] Dept Vet Affairs Eastern Colorado Healthcare Syst, Denver, CO USA
[8] Univ Washington, Dept Vet Affairs Puget Sound Hlth Care Syst, Gen Med Serv, Seattle, WA 98101 USA
[9] Univ Alabama Birmingham, Dept Surg, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA
[10] Birmingham Vet Affairs Med Ctr, Ctr Surg Med Acute Care Res & Transit C SMART, Birmingham, AL USA
[11] Dept Vet Affairs Palo Alto Hlth Care Syst, Ctr Hlth Care Evaluat, Menlo Pk, CA USA
[12] Bedford Vet Affairs Med Ctr, Ctr Hlth Qual Outcomes & Econ Res, Bedford, MA USA
[13] Univ Massachusetts, Sch Med, Div Hlth Informat & Implementat Sci, Dept Quantitat Hlth Sci, Worcester, MA USA
[14] Univ Colorado, Hlth Outcomes Program, Aurora, CO USA