Mississippian chiefdoms and the fission-fusion process

In the American Southeast, the simple-complex chiefdom cycle is the predominant model of sociopolitical development applied to the Precolumbian ranked societies known as Mississippian. In this paper mound-center settlement patterns in the South Appalachian area are reviewed. Most these distributions Sail to conform to the hierarchy of centers predicted by the simple-complex chiefdom model. Contrary to the model, an absence of primary-secondary center hierarchies implies that extension of regional administrative control was not the primary determinant of mound-center distributions. A review of ethnohistorical sources suggests that another sociopolitical mechanism, the fission-fusion process, created the majority of mound-center settlement patterns through the aggregation or dispersal of basic political units. The fission-fusion process was the product of efforts by factional leaders to resolve the conflicting values of autonomy and security. Unlike the simple-complex chiefdom dichotomy, the fission-fusion model encompasses a greater diversity of Mississippian political forms and provides an alternative explanation for changes in mound center size, complexity, and location.