Quantitative Local Loss Analysis of Blade-Coated Perovskite Solar Cells

In order to systematically improve perovskite-based solar cell technologies, it is crucial to identify performance limits and determine both global and local loss mechanisms quantitatively. One of the most important steps toward competitiveness is the upscaling of perovskite solar cells, which can be achieved, e.g., via solution-based blade coating processes. Cells with an active area of 1.1 cm(2) and efficiencies approaching 12% are presented and a comprehensive analysis based on spatially resolved measurements including photoluminescence, light beam-induced current, and dark lock-in thermography is demonstrated. We quantitatively reveal the losses of such solar cells by analyzing recombination, voltage, and pseudo-fill-factor losses across the whole cell area, correlate defects to individual process steps, and give an estimation of attainable efficiencies for improved solar cells without specific local defects.