On an Electric Scooter With G2V/V2H/V2G and Energy Harvesting Functions

This paper presents an electric scooter with grid-tovehicle/vehicle-to-home (V2H)/vehicle-to-grid (V2G) and energy harvesting functions. First, the bilateral dc/dc converter-fed scooter dc motor drive is established. Good driving characteristics are achieved via proper control. In an idle case, the motor drive can be arranged to perform the V2H and V2G discharging operations. A front-end dc/dc converter is developed using the motor-drive-embedded components to establish the boosted and well-regulated dc-link voltage from battery. Then, an H-bridge single-phase inverter is established to yield the ac 110-V/60-Hz source for home appliances or emergency power use. Good output sine-wave voltage waveforms are yielded by the designed robust and proportional-plus-resonant controllers. Moreover, the V2G operation is also applicable. The battery can send power to the utility grid. In addition, a synchronous rectifier-based buck dc/dc converter is designed to establish a universal serial bus with 5-V dc for charging various peripheral devices. Conversely in charging mode, an H-bridge boost switch-mode-rectifier-based charger is formed using the same schematics. Good charging characteristics and line drawn power quality are obtained. As to the photovoltaic (PV) energy harvesting scheme, the energies of roof PV or possible dc sources can be harvested to make the battery auxiliary charging.