Common and Unique Features of Schwartz's and Inglehart's Value Theories at the Country and Individual Levels

This article examines commonalities and differences in the value theories proposed by Ronald Inglehart and Shalom Schwartz. A systematic review of previous findings was conducted. Then, we showed, with a joint multidimensional scaling (MDS) analysis, that Schwartz's Embeddedness versus Autonomy dimension tends to lie at the diagonal of the Inglehart Cultural Map of the World, suggesting that in order to be autonomous/open, individuals need to have both self-expressive and secular-rational values, whereas being embedded /conservative involves both traditional and survival values. Two distinct regions of Schwartz's values (one at each level) which are missed by Inglehart's instrument were identified. At the same time, an MDS plot revealed that, at the individual level, Inglehart's Survival values are not captured by the Schwartz's items included. The obtained structures at the two levels of analysis were shown to be remarkably similar (Tucker's phi > .90).