The relationship between cadmium in kidney and cadmium in urine and blood in an environmentally exposed population

被引:146
作者
Akerstrom, Magnus [1 ]
Barregard, Lars [1 ]
Lundh, Thomas [2 ]
Sallsten, Gerd [1 ]
机构
[1] Univ Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska Univ Hosp, Dept Occupat & Environm Med, SE-40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
[2] Lund Univ, Univ Lund Hosp, Dept Occupat & Environm Med, Lund, Sweden
关键词
Biological half-time; Biomonitoring; Cadmium; General population; Kidney; Relationship; X-RAY-FLUORESCENCE; WORKERS; CORTEX; METAL; ASSOCIATIONS; BIOMARKERS; TOXICITY; PROTEINS; LIVER; AGE;
D O I
10.1016/j.taap.2013.02.009
中图分类号
R9 [药学];
学科分类号
1007 ;
摘要
Introduction: Cadmium (Cd) is toxic to the kidney and a major part of the body burden occurs here. Cd in urine (U-Cd) and blood (B-Cd) are widely-used biomarkers for assessing Cd exposure or body burden. However, empirical general population data on the relationship between Cd in kidney (K-Cd), urine, and blood are scarce. Our objectives were to determine the relationship between cadmium in kidney, urine, and blood, and calculate the elimination half-time of Cd from the kidney. Methods: Kidney cortex biopsies, urine, and blood samples were collected from 109 living kidney donors. Cd concentrations were determined and the relationships between K-Cd, U-Cd, and B-Cd were investigated in regression models. The half-time of K-Cd was estimated from the elimination constant. Results: There was a strong association between K-Cd and U-Cd adjusted for creatinine (r(p) = 0.70, p < 0.001), while the association with B-Cd was weaker (r(p) = 0.44, p < 0.001). The relationship between K-Cd and U-Cd was nonlinear, with slower elimination of Cd at high K-Cd. Estimates of the K-Cd half-time varied between 18 and 44 years. A K-Cd of 25 mu g/g corresponds to U-Cd of 0.42 mu g/g creatinine in overnight urine (U-Cd/K-Cd ratio: about 1:60). Multivariate models showed Cd in blood and urinary albumin as determinants for U-Cd excretion. Discussion: In healthy individuals with low-level Cd exposure, there was a strong correlation between Cd in kidney and urine, especially after adjustment for creatinine. Urinary Cd was also affected by Cd in blood and urinary albumin. Previous estimates of the U-Cd/K-Cd ratio may underestimate K-Cd at low U-Cd. (C) 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
引用
收藏
页码:286 / 293
页数:8
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