Efficacy and safety of rituximab treatment In children with primary glomerulonephritis

Background: The aim of our study was to analyze the efficacy and safety of rituximab, a chimeric monoclonal antibody against CD20 lymphocytes, as a nonstandard immunosuppressive therapy in children with different types of primary glomerulonephritis who were not eligible for routine treatment. Methods: The study group was composed of 16 children with proteinuric glomerulopathies, not responding to standard immunosuppressive therapy. The indications included steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome (n=14) and steroid-dependent nephrotic syndrome (n=2). The dose of rituximab was established as 375 mg/m(2) of body surface area, administered by intravenous infusion once weekly for 1 to 4 weeks, depending on the CD19 lymphocyte count. We evaluated proteinuria and plasma concentration of CD19 lymphocytes at intervals of 1, 3 and 6 months, after which patients received a single repeat dose. Results: Remission, defined as proteinuria less than 150 mg per 24 hours, was observed in 7 of the 16 children. There were no statistically significant differences in leukocyte counts between single and multiple rituximab doses. We also did not observe any clinical or biochemical side effects. Conclusions: In conclusion, we postulate that alternative rituximab therapy should be taken into consideration in nephrotic patients not responding to standard therapy.