Estimation of the baroreflex total loop gain by the power spectral analysis of continuous arterial pressure recordings

Baroreflex dysfunction contributes to the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. The baroreflex comprises a negative feedback loop to stabilize arterial pressure (AP); its pressure-stabilizing capacity is defined as the gain (G) of the transfer function (H) of the baroreflex total loop. However, no method exists to evaluate G in a clinical setting. A feedback system with H attenuates pressure disturbance (PD) to PD/(1 + H). We hypothesized that the baroreflex attenuates the power spectrum density (PSD) of AP in the baroreflex functioning frequency range. We created graded baroreflex dysfunction in rats using a modified sinoaortic denervation (SAD) method [SAD; control (no SAD): n = 9; partial SAD (SAD in the right carotid sinus): n = 6, and total SAD (SAD in the bilateral carotid sinuses): n = 6] and evaluated the PSD of 12-h telemetric AP recordings in the light phase. Using the ratio of PSD at 0.01-0.1 Hz (PSD slope), we normalized them with the PSD in rats with complete baroreflex failure and derived the baroreflex index (BRI), which directly reflects G. We compared BRI and G obtained from a baroreflex open-loop experiment (reference G). The PSD slope became steeper with progression of baroreflex dysfunction. BRI (control: 2.00 +/- 0.31, partial SAD: 1.28 +/- 0.30, and total SAD: 0.06 +/- 0.10, P < 0.05) was linearly correlated with reference G (R-2 = 0.91, P < 0.01). BRI accurately estimated G of the baroreflex and may serve as a novel tool for estimating the pressure-stabilizing capacity of the baroreflex in clinical settings. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study proposed a novel method to estimate the gain of the baroreflex total loop, the so-called "baroreflex index" (BRI). BRI focuses on action potential variability in the frequency domain, considering baroreflex low-pass filter characteristics within 0.01-0.1 Hz. We demonstrated that BRI was linearly correlated with the reference gain of baroreflex in rats. Thus, BRI may contribute greatly to the development of a clinical tool for estimating baroreflex pressure-stabilizing capacity.