Uniform postglacial slip-rate along the central 600 km of the Kunlun Fault (Tibet), from 26Al, 10Be, and 14C dating of riser offsets, and climatic origin of the regional morphology

Late Pleistocene-Holocene sinistral slip-rates on several segments of the Kunlun Fault in northeastern Tibet have been determined. These determinations are based on the measured displacement of alluvial surfaces whose surface ages were determined by cosmogenic (26) Al and (10) Be dating of quartz pebbles, and by (14) C dating of charcoal. In the west, at three sites along the Xidatan-Dongdatan segment of the fault, near 94degreesE, terrace riser offsets ranging from 24 to 110 m, with cosmogenic ages ranging from similar to1800 to similar to8200 yr, yield a mean left-lateral slip-rate of 11.7 +/- 1.5 mm yr(-1) . Field observations indicate minimum offsets of 9-12 m; this offset, when combined with the long-term slip-rate, indicates that great earthquakes (M similar to 8) rupture this segment of the fault with a recurrence interval of 800-1000 yr. At two sites along the Dongxi-Anyemaqin segment of the fault, near 99degreesE, terrace riser offsets ranging from 57 to 400 m with (14) C ages ranging from 5400 to 37 000 yr BP yield a minimum slip-rate of similar to10 mm yr(-1) . At one site, the 1937 January 7, M =7.5 and the penultimate earthquakes produced 4 m of left-slip and 0.4 m of reverse-slip. The maximum recurrence interval of earthquakes with such characteristic slip is thus similar to400 yr. Farther east, near 100.5degreesE, along the Maqen segment of the fault, the 180 m offset of a lateral moraine, emplaced between the last glacial maximum (20 ka) and 11 100 yr BP, yields a mean slip-rate of 12.5 +/- 2.5 mm yr(-1) . The slip-rates are constant, within uncertainty, throughout the 600 km of the Kunlun Fault that we studied. The average slip-rate is 11.5 +/- 2.0 mm yr(-1) . Extrapolating this rate to the reminder of the fault, we conclude that most (80 per cent) of the 300 morphological offsets measured in the field or on SPOT satellite images post-date the Last Glacial Maximum. Most of the terraces we studied were deposited during the humid period of the Early Holocene Optimum (9-5 ka); the formation of younger terraces reflects Late Holocene climate change.