X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy identifies differential sulfur speciation in corneal tissue

The chemical composition of tissues can influence their form and function. As a prime example, the lattice-like arrangement of collagen fibrils required for corneal transparency is controlled, in part, by sulfated proteoglycans, which, via core proteins, bind to the collagen at specific locations along the fibril axis. However, to date, no studies have been able to directly identify and characterize sulfur (S) in the cornea as a function of tissue location. In this study, X-ray absorption near-edge structure spectroscopy and micro-beam X-ray fluorescence (mu-XRF) chemical contrast imaging were employed to probe the nature of the mature (bovine) cornea as a function of position from the anterior sub-epithelial region into the deep stroma. Data indicate an inhomogeneity in the composition of S species in the first a parts per thousand 50 mu m of stromal depth. In mu-XRF chemical contrast imaging, S did not co-localize with phosphorous (P) in the deep stroma where sulfates are prominent. Rather, P is present only as isolated micrometric spots, presumably identifiable as keratocytes. This study lends novel insights into the elemental physiology of mature cornea, especially in relation to its S distribution; future studies could be applied to human tissues. Moreover, it defines an analytical protocol for the interrogation of S species in biological tissues with micrometric resolution.