Effects of nonlinear propagation, cavitation, and boiling in lesion formation by high intensity focused ultrasound in a gel phantom

被引:237
作者
Khokhlova, VA [1 ]
Bailey, MR
Reed, JA
Cunitz, BW
Kaczkowski, PJ
Crum, LA
机构
[1] Moscow MV Lomonosov State Univ, Fac Phys, Dept Acoust, Moscow 119992, Russia
[2] Univ Washington, Appl Phys Lab, Ctr Ind & Med Ultrasound, Seattle, WA 98105 USA
关键词
D O I
10.1121/1.2161440
中图分类号
O42 [声学];
学科分类号
070206 ; 082403 ;
摘要
The importance of nonlinear acoustic wave propagation and ultrasound-induced cavitation in the acceleration of thermal lesion production by high intensity focused ultrasound was investigated experimentally and theoretically in a transparent protein-containing gel. A numerical model that accounted for nonlinear acoustic propagation was used to simulate experimental conditions. Various exposure regimes with equal total ultrasound energy but variable peak acoustic pressure were studied for single lesions and lesion stripes obtained by moving the transducer. Static overpressure was applied to suppress cavitation. Strong enhancement of lesion production was observed for high amplitude waves and was supported by modeling. Through overpressure experiments it was shown that both nonlinear propagation and cavitation mechanisms participate in accelerating lesion inception and growth. Using B-mode ultrasound, cavitation was observed at normal ambient pressure as weakly enhanced echogenicity in the focal region, but was not detected with overpressure. Formation of tadpole-shaped lesions, shifted toward the transducer, was always observed to be due to boiling. Boiling bubbles were visible in the gel and were evident as strongly echogenic regions in B-mode images. These experiments indicate that nonlinear propagation and cavitation accelerate heating, but no lesion displacement or distortion was observed in the absence of boiling. (c) 2006 Acoustical Society of America.
引用
收藏
页码:1834 / 1848
页数:15
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