Testing the efficacy of and parents' preferences for nutrition labels on children's menus from a full-service chain restaurant: results of an online experiment

Objective: Test the efficacy and perceived effectiveness of nutrition labels on children's menus from a full-service chain restaurant in an online study. Design: Using a between-groups experiment, parents were randomised to view children's menus displaying one of five children's nutrition labelling conditions: (i) No Nutrition Information (control); (ii) Calories Only; (iii) Calories + Contextual Statement (CS); (iv) Calories, Sodium + CS; or (v) Calories and Sodium in Traffic Lights + CS. Parents hypothetically ordered up to one entree, side, beverage and dessert for their child, then rated and ranked all five labelling conditions on the level of perceived effectiveness. Setting: Online survey. Participants: 998 parents with a 3-12 year old child. Results: Parents exposed to menus displaying 'Calories, Sodium + CS' selected significantly fewer calories 'overall' (entrees + side + dessert + beverage) compared to parents exposed to the control condition (-53 center dot 1 calories, P < 0 center dot 05). Parents selected 'entrees' with significantly fewer calories and lower sodium when exposed to menus with 'Calories + CS' (-24 center dot 3 calories, P < 0 center dot 05); 'Calories, Sodium + CS' (-25 center dot 4 calories, -56 center dot 1 mg sodium, P < 0 center dot 05 for both); and 'Calories and Sodium in Traffic Lights + CS' (-29 center dot 1 calories, -58 center dot 6 mg sodium, P < 0 center dot 05 for both). Parents exposed to menus with 'Calories, Sodium + CS' and 'Calories and Sodium in Traffic Lights + CS' were more likely to notice and understand nutrition information compared to other nuntrition labelling conditions. Parents perceived the menu with 'Calories and Sodium in Traffic Lights + CS' as most effective (P < 0 center dot 05). Conclusions: Menus disclosing calories, sodium and a contextual statement increased the proportion of parents who noticed and understood nutrition information, and resulted in parents selecting lower calorie and sodium entrees for their children in the hypothetical purchase task.