Survey and genetic characterization of wastewater in Tunisia for Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, Enterocytozoon bieneusi, Cyclospora cayetanensis and Eimeria spp.

被引:68
作者
Ben Ayed, Layla [2 ]
Yang, Wenli [1 ]
Widmer, Giovanni [3 ]
Cama, Vitaliano [1 ]
Ortega, Ynes [4 ]
Xiao, Lihua [1 ]
机构
[1] Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Foodborne Waterborne & Environm Dis, Natl Ctr Emerging & Zoonot Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA
[2] Inst Natl Agron Tunisie, Lab Sci & Tech Eau, Tunis 1082, Tunisia
[3] Tufts Cummings Sch Vet Med, Div Infect Dis, North Grafton, MA 01536 USA
[4] Univ Georgia, Ctr Food Safety, Griffin, GA 30223 USA
关键词
Cryptosporidium; Enterocytozoon bieneusi; genotypes; Giardia duodenalis; Tunisia; wastewater; MICROSPORIDIA; TRANSMISSION; SUBGENOTYPE; INFECTION; CHILDREN; UPDATE;
D O I
10.2166/wh.2012.204
中图分类号
X [环境科学、安全科学];
学科分类号
08 ; 0830 ;
摘要
The microbial diversity of wastewater used for irrigation and fertilization was assessed using specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays to detect and genotype several pathogenic protists including Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, Cyclospora spp., Eimeria spp. and Enterocytozoon bieneusi. A total of 220 wastewater samples (110 raw, 110 treated) and 12 sludge samples were collected from 2005 to 2008 from 18 treatment plants located throughout Tunisia. Except for Cyclospora, which was detected only once, E. bieneusi (61%), G. duodenalis (28%), Ctyptosporidium spp. (27%) and Eimeria spp. (45%) were frequently observed in wastewater and sludge. Sequencing of PCR products showed that C. hominis, C. andersoni, G. duodenalis sub-assemblage A-II and E. bieneusi genotypes D and IV were the most prevalent. An analysis of the distribution of 209 internal transcribed spacer sequences of E. bieneusi originating from wastewater at the 18 treatment plants showed a similar genetic diversity, regardless of the geographical location. The identification of these parasite species and genotypes and of host-specific Eimeria species indicates that the microbial quality of wastewater was impacted by humans, livestock and rodents. Given the public health risks that some of these parasites represent, guidelines on wastewater usage are needed to minimize human exposure to these pathogens.
引用
收藏
页码:431 / 444
页数:14
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