Myocardial Expression of Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor in Patients with Heart Failure

Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a pleiotropic inflammatory protein and contributes to several different inflammatory and ischemic/hypoxic diseases. MIF was shown to be cardioprotective in experimental myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury and its expression is regulated by the transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1 alpha. We here report on MIF expression in the failing human heart and assess myocardial MIF in different types of cardiomyopathy. Myocardial tissue samples from n = 30 patients were analyzed by quantitative Real-Time PCR. MIF and HIF-1 alpha mRNA expression was analyzed in myocardial samples from patients with ischemic (ICM) and non-ischemic cardiomyopathy (NICM) and from patients after heart transplantation (HTX). MIF expression was elevated in myocardial samples from patients with ICM compared to NICM. Transplanted hearts showed lower MIF levels compared to hearts from patients with ICM. Expression of HIF-1 alpha was analyzed and was shown to be significantly increased in ICM patients compared to patients with NICM. MIF and HIF-1 alpha mRNA is expressed in the human heart. MIF and HIF-1 alpha expression depends on the underlying type of cardiomyopathy. Patients with ICM show increased myocardial MIF and HIF-1 alpha expression.