Large-scale contribution to mean wall shear stress in high-Reynolds-number flat-plate boundary layers up to Reθ=13650

A numerical investigation of the mean wall shear stress properties on a spatially developing turbulent boundary layer over a smooth flat plate was carried out by means of a zonal detached eddy simulation (ZDES) technique for the Reynolds number range 3060 <= Re-theta <= 13 650. Some asymptotic trends of global parameters are suggested. Consistently with previous findings, the calculation confirms the occurrence of very large-scale motions approximately 5 delta to 6 delta long which are meandering with a lateral amplitude of 0.3 delta and which maintain a footprint in the near-wall region. It is shown that these large scales carry a significant amount of Reynolds shear stress and their influence on the skin friction, denoted C-f,C-2, is revisited through the FIK identity by Fukagata, Iwamoto & Kasagi (Phys. Fluids, vol. 14, 2002, p. L73). It is argued that C-f,C-2 is the relevant parameter to characterize the high-Reynolds-number turbulent skin friction since the term describing the spatial heterogeneity of the boundary layer also characterizes the total shear stress variations across the boundary layer. The behaviour of the latter term seems to follow some remarkable self-similarity trends towards high Reynolds numbers. A spectral analysis of the weighted Reynolds stress with respect to the distance to the wall and to the wavelength is provided for the first time to our knowledge and allows us to analyse the influence of the largest scales on the skin friction. It is shown that structures with a streamwise wavelength lambda(x) > delta contribute to more than 60% of C-f,C-2, and that those larger than lambda(x) > 2 delta still represent approximately 45% of C-f,C-2.