The Combination of rTMS and Pharmacotherapy on In Vitro Models: A Mini-Review

Background: Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) is a non-invasive brain stimulation technique that is being actively explored as a potential therapeutic modality in various neuropsychiatric disorders, such as depression, neuropathic pain, epilepsy, multiple sclerosis, and neuro-degenerative disorders, including the Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease. The Food and Drug Ad-ministration (FDA) approved rTMS for the treatment of major depression, migraine-associated head-aches, and Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD). The fact that a significant proportion of patients suffering from these disorders fail to respond to current pharmacological interventions indicates the need for alternative therapies like rTMS. Objective: The objective was to find and summarize all studies combining the use of rTMS and pharmacological interference in vitro, in order to facilitate future studies. Methods: The results of studies combining the use of rTMS with pharmacological interference in vitro were focused on. The PubMed database was searched using the terms "rTMS", "repetitive", "transcranial", "magnetic", "stimulation", "in vitro", "in vivo", "cell cultures" untilMarch 2019 and 7 eligible studies were found. Results: Overall results show a synergistic effect of rTMS and pharmacotherapy in vitro with additive effectiveness, better prognosis, and superior potential management. Conclusion: The limited amount of knowledge denotes the need for additional in vitro studies on the combination of rTMS and pharmacotherapy, which could be extended to in vivo studies and ultimately help design clinical trials so as to improve the therapeutic management of patients with a wide array of neuropsychiatric disorders.