Resolution of optical gradients and pursuit of optical closure for Green Bay, Lake Michigan

Optical properties have fundamental importance to water quality, ecology, and remote sensing initiatives. Paired measurements of optically active constituents (OACs), and inherent optical properties (IOPs) and apparent optical properties (AOPs), were made in September 2010 across the optical gradients of Green Bay, extending from the Fox River to Sturgeon Bay (8 sites), and for three near-shore locations in the main basin of Lake Michigan. The array of laboratory and in situ measurements provided a robust characterization of the underwater and emergent light fields of these waters with respect to magnitudes and spectral features of the OACs, IOPs and AOPs. These measurements resolved the character and possible origins of the major gradients within the bay (5 to 10-fold differences) and the substantial differences between the bay and the main basin. The credibility of the characterizations was supported through closure analyses which demonstrated: (1) the approach to equivalence between various field and laboratory measurements, and (2) good matches of AOP observations by values predicted from measured IOPs using accepted radiative transfer expressions. The bay was demonstrated to be an optically complex case 2 system, with uncoupled variations along the spatial gradient(s) in OACs of phytoplankton biomass, colored dissolved organic material, and non-algal particulates. The documented spatial differences in optical properties rival those reported in much larger marine surveys. Radiative transfer expressions are used to predict changes in AOPs of the downwelling (underwater) attenuation coefficient and remote sensing signal in response to scenarios of changes in levels of OACs of potential ecological and management interest. (C) 2013 International Association for Great Lakes Research. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.