Peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumor in a two-year-old paint horse

A 2-year-old gelding presented with a history of lethargy and anorexia. Physical examination revealed pleural and abdominal fluid, as well as several masses in the scrotum. The horse became acutely dyspneic despite 7 days of supportive care. Because of the poor prognosis, the owners elected euthanasia. Gross necropsy findings included multiple masses in the scrotum and inguinal canals and along the dorsal peritoneal cavity. The neoplasm infiltrated the kidneys, liver, spleen, mesenteric lymph nodes, mesentery, and abdominal surface of the diaphragm. Histologically, the neoplasm is composed of spindle to round cells arranged in densely cellular areas, vague streams, and rare rosettes. Neoplastic cells were immunoreactive for S-100 protein, glial fibrillary acidic protein, neuron-specific enolase, neurofilament protein, and synaptophysin. Based on gross, histological, and immunohistochemical findings, a diagnosis of peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumor was made. Primitive neuroectodermal tumors are rarely described in horses that were associated with the eyes.