Impacts of the Indian Ocean Dipole on Sea Level and Gyre Circulation of the Western Tropical Pacific Ocean

Interannual variabilities of sea level and upper-ocean gyre circulation of the western tropical Pacific Ocean (WTPO) have been predominantly attributed to El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). The results of the present study put forward important modulation effects by the Indian Ocean dipole (IOD) mode. The observed sea level in the WTPO shows significant instantaneous and lagged correlations (around -0.60 and 0.40, respectively) with the IOD mode index (DMI). A composite of 14 "independent" IOD events for 1958-2017 shows negative sea level anomalies (SLAs) of 4-7 cm in the WTPO during positive IOD events and positive SLAs of 6-8 cm in the following year that are opposite in sign to the El Nino effect. The IOD impacts are reproduced by large-ensemble simulations of a climate model that generate respectively 430 and 519 positive and negative independent IOD events. A positive IOD induces westerly winds over the western and central tropical Pacific and causes negative SLAs through Ekman upwelling, and it facilitates the establishment of a La Nina condition in the following year that involves enhanced Pacific trade winds and causes positive SLAs in the WTPO. Ocean model experiments confirm that the IOD affects the WTPO sea level mainly through modulating the tropical Pacific winds. Variability of the Indonesian Throughflow (ITF) induced by IOD winds has a relatively weak effect on the WTPO. The IOD's impacts on the major upper-ocean currents are also considerable, causing anomalies of 1-4 Sv (1 Sv equivalent to 10(6) m(3) s(-1)) in the South Equatorial Current (SEC) and North Equatorial Countercurrent (NECC) volume transports.