Oxidative damage to proteins of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome: Evidence for neutrophil-mediated hydroxylation, nitration, and chlorination

Objective: To assess the degree, source, and patterns of oxidative damage to bronchoalveolar ravage proteins as a modification of amino acid residues in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Design: Prospective, controlled study. Setting: Adult intensive care unit of a postgraduate teaching hospital. Patients: Twenty-eight patients with established ARDS were studied and compared with six ventilated patients without ARDS and 11 normal healthy controls. Interventions: Supportive techniques appropriate to ARDS. Measurements and Main Results: Evidence of oxidative modification of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid protein, indicative of the production of specific reactive oxidizing species, was sought using a high-performance liquid chromatography technique. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid samples from patients with ARDS, ventilated intensive care controls, and normal healthy controls were analyzed. Concentrations of orthotyrosine were significantly higher in the ARDS group than in either control group (7.98 +/- 3.78 nmol/mg for ARDS, 0.67 +/- 0.67 for ventilated controls, and 0.71 +/- 0.22 for healthy controls; p < .05). Chlorotyrosine concentrations were also significantly increased in the ARDS group over either control group (4.82 +/- 1.07 nmol/mg for ARDS, 1.55 +/- 1.34 for ventilated controls, and 0.33 +/- 0.12 for healthy controls; p < .05). Nitrotyrosine concentrations were similarly significantly increased in the ARDS groups compared with each control group (2.21 +/- 0.65 nmol/mg for ARDS, 0.29 +/- 0.29 for ventilated controls, and 0.06 +/- 0.03 for healthy controls; p < .05). Chlorotyrosine and nitrotyrosine concentrations showed significant correlations with myeloperoxidase concentrations in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in patients with ARDS. These findings suggest a possible relationship between inflammatory cell activation, oxidant formation, and damage to proteins in the lungs of these patients Conclusions: Overall, our data strongly suggest heightened concentrations of oxidative stress in the lungs of patients with ARDS that lead to significantly increased oxidative protein damage.