Leprosy and Buruli ulcer. Significance of neglected tropical diseases for children worldwide

Despite international efforts to control and eliminate neglected tropical diseases, these diseases still represent a considerable risk to people living in poverty conditions. The mycobacterial infections leprosy and Buruli ulcer are sometimes a disproportional threat to the pediatric population. In Germany, cases are mainly observed among migrants. Cases which are discovered late often follow a chronic course and can frequently result in different forms of disabilities. Diseases such as leprosy and Buruli ulcer represent a challenge with regard to transmission, clinical care, treatment and prevention of disabilities and are discussed in this article with a focus on the latest research results. This study was based on a selective literature search in PubMed and World Health Organization (WHO) documents online, supported by personal experiences of the authors in the field and in clinics, as well as personal exchanges with healthcare staff on site. Prevention of disability can be achieved by long-term investment in research and supporting healthcare systems in regions where leprosy and Buruli ulcer are endemic as well as more research. Training healthcare personnel in early diagnosis plays a key role in a timely initiation of adequate treatment. Knowledge of transmission, the clinical presentation, courses of the disease and treatment options is essential for pediatricians treating migrants.