Subtractive hybridization and optical mapping of the enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli H10407 chromosome:: isolation of unique sequences and demonstration of significant similarity to the chromosome of E coli K-12

Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is a primary cause of diarrhoea in infants in developing countries and in travellers to endemic regions. While several virulence genes have been identified on ETEC plasmids, little is known about the ETEC chromosome, although it is expected to share significant homology in backbone sequences with E coli K-12. In the absence of genomic sequence information, the subtractive hybridization method and the more recently described optical mapping technique were carried out to determine the degree of genomic variation between virulent ETEC strain H10407 and the non-pathogenic E coli K-12 strain MG1655. In one round of PCR-based suppression subtractive hybridization, 153 fragments representing sequences unique to strain H10407 were identified. BLAST searches indicated that few unique sequences showed homology to known pathogenicity island genes identified in related E coli pathogens. A total of 65 fragments contained sequences that were either linked to hypothetical proteins or showed no homology to any known sequence in the database. The remaining sequences were either phage or prophage related or displayed homology to classifiable genes that function in various aspects of bacterial metabolism. The 153 unique sequences showed variable distribution across different ETEC strains including ETEC strain 137A, which is attenuated in virulence and lacked several H 10407-specific sequences. Restriction-enzyme-based optical maps of strain H 10407 were compared to in silico restriction maps of strain MG1655 and related E coli pathogens. The 5.1 Mb ETEC chromosome was similar to 500 kb greater in length than the chromosome of E coliK-12, collinear with it and indicated several discrete regions where insertions and/or deletions had occurred relative to the chromosome of strain MG1655. No major inversions, transpositions or gross rearrangements were observed on the ETEC chromosome. Based on comparisons with known genomic sequences and related optical-map-based restriction site similarity, the sequence of the H 10407 chromosome is expected to demonstrate similar to 96 % identity with that of E coli K-12.