Turbulence affects larval vertical swimming in the cold-water coral Lophelia pertusa

Vertical migration of marine larvae may drastically affect their dispersal, especially if they are spawned in the deep sea. Previous studies have shown that the planktonic larvae of the cold-water coral Lophelia pertusa in still water swim upwards at a speed of ca. 0.5 mm s(-1) during a pre-competency period of 3-5 weeks. This behavioral trait is thought to benefit dispersion of larvae as it promotes near surface drift in relatively strong currents. In the ocean however, larvae regularly encounter turbulent water movements potentially impeding their swimming ability. With no apparent stabilizing mechanism, it may be expected that the body orientation of these larvae, and consequently their directed swimming, is sensitive to perturbation by external forces. We investigated the effects of turbulence on vertical swimming of pre-competent L. pertusa larvae by exposing them to relevant turbulence intensities within a grid-stirred tank. Larval movement and water flow were simultaneously recorded, allowing for analysis of individual larval swimming velocities. We showed that the upwards directed swimming speed generally decreased with increasing turbulence, dropping to non-significant in turbulence levels occurring near ocean boundaries. Our results do however suggest that L. pertusa larvae maintain their upwards directed swimming, albeit at reduced speed, in a major part of the water column, thus allowing them to spend part of their planktonic phase in the uppermost ocean layer. This new insight into the behavior of L. pertusa larvae in their natural environment strengthens the notion of the species as one with strong potential for long-distance dispersal. Such information is important for the understanding of L. pertusa population connectivity, and vital when developing tools for modelling of larval transport.