Multiple Relapses of Visceral Leishmaniasis in HIV Co-Infected Patients: A Case Series from Ethiopia

Background: Human visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a life-threatening protozoan disease caused by para-sites belonging to the Leishmania donovani complex. Ethiopia has the highest VL-HIV co-infection rate in the world, with several of these patients presenting with repeated episodes of VL disease (ie, relapse). However, we lack data on how HIV patients with multiple VL relapse present clinically, and whether they continue to respond to currently available medicines. p p p p p p ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ )