Anti-Muslim Violence, Hate Crime, and Victimization in Canada: A Study of Five Canadian Cities

The major sociological theories explaining social violence omit both the daily violence suffered by certain social categories and its many impacts on the victims. In 2019, we conducted face-to-face and/or phone-based interviews with fifty-one persons who identified themselves as Muslim and who had suffered hate words or gestures in public space. The (51) interviewees were living in one of five major Canadian cities. The results of our study show the negative effects of hate acts that they have suffered, be it on their moral conditions, their daily routine, their religious practice, or their sense of belonging to Canada. They testify to the harmful impact of hate crimes on individuals and on the social fabric.