Changes in the hydrological regime and channel morphology as the effects of dams and bridges in the Barakar River, India

The anthropogenic activities affect the river channel as well as the whole system in different magnitudes and dimensions. Barakar River, the main tributary to the Damodar River in eastern India, is modified by several engineering structures. Hydrological parameters, such as monthly discharge, peak flow discharge and geomorphological factors, such as gradient, width-depth ratio, grain size, braid-channel ratio, sinuosity ratio, riffle-pool sequence, and stream power are taken into consideration to highlight the significant alterations of the river due to dam and bridge construction. The alterations are assessed with the help of hydrological data, satellite images, and digital elevation data along with field survey. The downstream section of the dams, the river is characterised by high braiding, sinuous, total and unit stream power along with the presence of a box-shaped bedrock channel, high gradient, bed coarsening and armouring due to the release of high-velocity sediment-free 'hungry water'. In the upstream reach, the grain size decreases towards the dam, and it increases suddenly with poor sorting at the immediate downstream regime of the dam. The effects of bridges on the Barakar river morphology include an increase of gradient, width and depth of the river channel at the downstream of the bridges. The construction of bridges influences riffle-pool sequences. Thereby, the pool depth spacing is greater than the riffle crest spacing. However, the integration of natural as well as human-induced factors can be the best approach to understand the anthropogenic alteration of the river. Moreover, construction of some check dams at the upper section of the tributaries of the Barakar River can be very effective for morphological stability.