Surface modifications of titanium alloy using nanobioceramic-based coatings to improve osseointegration: a review

Nanomaterials such as nanostructured scaffolds in tissue engineering and nanoparticles in drug delivery systems are associated with many applications within the biomedical and dental arenas. Furthermore, nanotechnology has also played an important role in the modifications of surface properties of surgical-grade materials and implants to achieve improvements in in vivo performance and reliability. The utilizations of nanocoatings, nanocomposite coatings, and nanolaminates are also intended to enhance osseointegration and improved protection from the release of unnecessary or even harmful metal ions. Due to their nanocrystalline structure and increase surface area, they become more reactive and hence they can also be synthesized to deliver faster tissue bonding properties and exceptional bioactivity. These new generation nanocoatings based on inorganic and biological materials such as proteins and peptides are currently being developed and investigated. This review aims to give an overview into the recent advances in nanocoatings containing biological materials being applied in medicine.