Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry bone densitometry and pitfalls in the assessment of osteoporosis: a primer for the practicing clinician

A guide to the clinician on the use of dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry bone densitometry for the management of osteoporosis and the importance of recognizing its pitfalls. Purpose Osteoporosis is a major risk factor for severe fractures in the aging population worldwide, posing a serious public health issue. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is and remains the main tool for screening of osteoporosis and monitoring of osteoporosis treatment through quantitative measurement of bone mineral density (BMD). Employing DXA to measure BMD is not without pitfalls. We set out to analyze and classify the potential pitfalls of DXA acquisitions and BMD measurements encountered in clinical practice in our institution. Methods Technical inaccuracies and discrepancies in BMD interpretation in the history of our department were analyzed and classified into different categories of pitfalls. Results We found that major pitfalls of BMD acquisition and interpretation using DXA can be classified into technical, patient, and interpretive factors. These are illustrated with case examples. Conclusion Good technical understanding of BMD measurements using DXA and recognition of potential pitfalls allow for greater technical and interpretive accuracy, which together hopefully increases the precision of osteoporosis management when practiced in accordance with established clinical guidelines.