C-fiber activity-dependent maturation of glycinergic inhibition in the spinal dorsal horn of the postnatal rat

Sensory circuits are shaped by experience in early postnatal life and in many brain areas late maturation of inhibition drives activity-dependent development. In the newborn spinal dorsal horn, activity is dominated by inputs from low threshold A fibers, whereas nociceptive C-fiber inputs mature gradually over the first postnatal weeks. How this changing afferent input influences the maturation of dorsal horn inhibition is not known. We show an absence of functional glycinergic inhibition in newborn dorsal horn circuits: Dorsal horn receptive fields and afferent-evoked excitation are initially facilitated by glycinergic activity due, at least in part, to glycinergic disinhibition of GAD67 cells. Glycinergic inhibitory control emerges in the second postnatal week, coinciding with an expression switch from neonatal alpha(2) homomeric to predominantly mature alpha(1)/beta glycine receptors (GlyRs). We further show that the onset of glycinergic inhibition depends upon the maturation of C-fiber inputs to the dorsal horn: selective block of afferent C fibers in postnatal week 2, using perisciatic injections of the cationic anesthetic QX-314, lidocaine, and capsaicin, delays the maturation of both GlyR subunits and glycinergic inhibition, maintaining dorsal neurons in a neonatal state, where tactile responses are facilitated, rather than inhibited, by glycinergic network activity. Thus, glycine may serve to facilitate tactile A-fiber-mediated information and enhance activity-dependent synaptic strengthening in the immature dorsal horn. This period ceases in the second postnatal week with the maturation of C-fiber spinal input, which triggers postsynaptic changes leading to glycinergic inhibition and only then is balanced excitation and inhibition achieved in dorsal horn sensory circuits.