The time course of face processing: startle eyeblink response modulation by face gender and expression

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of both facial expression and face gender on startle eye-blink response patterns at varying lead intervals (300, 800, and 3500 ms) indicative of attentional and emotional processes. We aimed to determine whether responses to affective faces map onto the Defense Cascade Model (Lang et al., 1997) to better understand the stages of processing during affective face viewing. At 300 ms, there was an interaction between face expression and face gender with female happy and neutral faces and male angry faces producing inhibited startle. At 3500 ms, there was a trend for facilitated startle during angry compared to neutral faces. These findings suggest that affective expressions are perceived differently in male and female faces, especially at short lead intervals. Future studies investigating face processing should take both face gender and expression into account. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.