LOFAR: The LOw-Frequency ARray

被引：1668

作者：

van Haarlem, M. P. ^{[1
]}

Wise, M. W. ^{[1
,2
]}

Gunst, A. W. ^{[1
]}

Heald, G. ^{[1
]}

McKean, J. P. ^{[1
]}

Hessels, J. W. T. ^{[1
,2
]}

de Bruyn, A. G. ^{[1
,3
]}

Nijboer, R. ^{[1
]}

Swinbank, J. ^{[1
,2
]}

Fallows, R. ^{[1
]}

Brentjens, M. ^{[1
]}

Nelles, A. ^{[1
,5
]}

Beck, R. ^{[1
,8
]}

Falcke, H. ^{[1
,5
]}

Fender, R. ^{[1
,9
]}

Horandel, J. ^{[1
,5
]}

Koopmans, L. V. E. ^{[1
,3
]}

Mann, G. ^{[1
,17
]}

Miley, G. ^{[1
,4
]}

Rottgering, H. ^{[1
,4
]}

Stappers, B. W. ^{[1
,6
,7
]}

Wijers, R. A. M. J. ^{[1
,2
]}

Zaroubi, S. ^{[1
,3
]}

van den Akker, M. ^{[1
,5
]}

Alexov, A. ^{[1
,2
]}

Anderson, J. ^{[1
,8
]}

Anderson, K. ^{[1
,2
]}

van Ardenne, A. ^{[1
,29
]}

Arts, M. ^{[1
]}

Asgekar, A. ^{[1
]}

Avruch, I. M. ^{[1
,3
]}

Batejat, F. ^{[1
,11
]}

Bahren, L. ^{[1
,2
]}

Bell, M. E. ^{[1
,9
]}

Bell, M. R. ^{[1
,10
]}

van Bemmel, I. ^{[1
]}

Bennema, P. ^{[1
]}

Bentum, M. J. ^{[1
]}

Bernardi, G. ^{[1
,3
]}

Best, P. ^{[1
,14
]}

Birzan, L. ^{[1
,4
]}

Bonafede, A. ^{[1
,21
]}

Boonstra, A. -J. ^{[1
]}

Braun, R. ^{[1
,27
]}

Bregman, J. ^{[1
]}

Breitling, F. ^{[1
,17
]}

van de Brink, R. H. ^{[1
]}

Broderick, J. ^{[1
,9
]}

Broekema, P. C. ^{[1
]}

Brouw, W. N. ^{[1
,3
]}

机构：

[1] Netherlands Inst Radio Astron ASTRON, Postbus 2, NL-7990 AA Dwingeloo, Netherlands

[2] Univ Amsterdam, Astron Inst Anton Pannekoek, NL-1090 GE Amsterdam, Netherlands

[3] Univ Groningen, Kapteyn Astron Inst, NL-9700 AV Groningen, Netherlands

[4] Leiden Univ, Leiden Observ, NL-2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands

[5] Radboud Univ Nijmegen, Dept Astrophys IMAPP, NL-6500 GL Nijmegen, Netherlands

[6] Univ Manchester, Sch Phys & Astron, Jodrell Bank Ctr Astrophys, Manchester M13 9PL, Lancs, England

[7] Univ Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RH, England

[8] Max Planck Inst Radioastron, D-53121 Bonn, Germany

[9] Univ Southampton, Sch Phys & Astron, Southampton SO17 1BJ, Hants, England

[10] Max Planck Inst Astrophys, D-85741 Garching, Germany

[11] Chalmers Univ Technol, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Onsala Space Observ, S-43992 Onsala, Sweden

[12] Curtin Univ, Int Ctr Radio Astron Res, Perth, WA 6845, Australia

[13] STFC Rutherford Appleton Lab, Didcot OX11 0QX, Oxon, England

[14] Univ Edinburgh, Royal Observ Edinburgh, Inst Astron, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, Midlothian, Scotland

[15] Univ Paris Diderot, UPMC, CNRS, Observ Paris,LESIA, F-92190 Meudon, France

[16] Univ Bonn, Argelander Inst Astron, D-53121 Bonn, Germany

[17] Leibniz Inst Astrophys Potsdam AIP, D-14482 Potsdam, Germany

[18] Thuringer Landessternwarte, D-07778 Tautenburg, Germany

[19] Ruhr Univ Bochum, Astron Inst, D-44780 Bochum, Germany

[20] Univ Hamburg, Hamburger Sternwarte, D-21029 Hamburg, Germany

[21] Jacobs Univ Bremen, D-28759 Bremen, Germany

[22] Univ Orleans, CNRS, Lab Phys & Chim Environm & Espace, LPC2E,UMR 7328, F-45071 Orleans 2, France

[23] Univ Groningen, Ctr Informat Technol, NL-9700 AB Groningen, Netherlands

[24] Univ Calif Berkeley, Radio Astron Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA

[25] Observ Lyon, Ctr Rech Astrophys Lyon, F-69561 St Genis Laval, France

[26] Australian Natl Univ, Res Sch Astron & Astrophys, Mt Stromlo Obs, Weston, ACT 2611, Australia

[27] CSIRO, Australia Telescope Natl Facil, Epping, NSW 1710, Australia

[28] Natl Radio Astron Observ, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA

[29] Chalmers Univ Technol, S-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden

[30] Observ Cote Azur, Dept Lagrange, F-06304 Nice 4, France

[31] Observ Paris, CNRS, INSU, Stn Radioastron Nancay, F-18330 Nancay, France

[32] Netherlands eSci Ctr, Amsterdam, Netherlands

来源：

ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS | 2013年 / 556卷

关键词：

instrumentation: interferometers; radio continuum: general; radio lines: general; dark ages; reionization; first stars; telescopes; UNDERSTANDING RADIO POLARIMETRY; PROBE WMAP OBSERVATIONS; RAY AIR-SHOWERS; DIGITAL SKY SURVEY; INTERPLANETARY SCINTILLATION; SELF-CALIBRATION; Z-GREATER-THAN-5.7; QUASARS; INTERGALACTIC MEDIUM; MAGNETIC-FIELDS; FLUX-DENSITY;

D O I：

10.1051/0004-6361/201220873

中图分类号：

P1 [天文学];

学科分类号：

0704 ;

摘要：

LOFAR, the LOw-Frequency ARray, is a new-generation radio interferometer constructed in the north of the Netherlands and across europe. Utilizing a novel phased-array design, LOFAR covers the largely unexplored low-frequency range from 10-240 MHz and provides a number of unique observing capabilities. Spreading out from a core located near the village of Exloo in the northeast of the Netherlands, a total of 40 LOFAR stations are nearing completion. A further five stations have been deployed throughout Germany, and one station has been built in each of France, Sweden, and the UK. Digital beam-forming techniques make the LOFAR system agile and allow for rapid repointing of the telescope as well as the potential for multiple simultaneous observations. With its dense core array and long interferometric baselines, LOFAR achieves unparalleled sensitivity and angular resolution in the low-frequency radio regime. The LOFAR facilities are jointly operated by the International LOFAR Telescope (ILT) foundation, as an observatory open to the global astronomical community. LOFAR is one of the first radio observatories to feature automated processing pipelines to deliver fully calibrated science products to its user community. LOFAR's new capabilities, techniques and modus operandi make it an important pathfinder for the Square Kilometre Array (SKA). We give an overview of the LOFAR instrument, its major hardware and software components, and the core science objectives that have driven its design. In addition, we present a selection of new results from the commissioning phase of this new radio observatory.

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