A massive core for a cluster of galaxies at a redshift of 4.3

被引：165

作者：

Miller, T. B. ^{[1
,2
]}

Chapman, S. C. ^{[1
,3
,4
]}

Aravena, M. ^{[5
]}

Ashby, M. L. N. ^{[6
]}

Hayward, C. C. ^{[6
,7
]}

Vieira, J. D. ^{[8
]}

Weiss, A. ^{[9
]}

Babul, A. ^{[10
]}

Bethermin, M. ^{[11
]}

Bradford, C. M. ^{[12
,13
]}

Brodwin, M. ^{[14
]}

Carlstrom, J. E. ^{[15
,16
,17
,18
]}

Chen, Chian-Chou ^{[19
]}

Cunningham, D. J. M. ^{[20
]}

De Breuck, C. ^{[19
]}

Gonzalez, A. H. ^{[21
]}

Greve, T. R. ^{[22
]}

Harnett, J. ^{[23
]}

Hezaveh, Y. ^{[24
]}

Lacaille, K. ^{[1
,25
]}

Litke, K. C. ^{[26
]}

Ma, J. ^{[21
]}

Malkan, M. ^{[27
]}

Marrone, D. P. ^{[26
]}

Morningstar, W. ^{[24
]}

Murphy, E. J. ^{[28
]}

Narayanan, D. ^{[21
]}

Pass, E. ^{[1
,29
]}

Perry, R. ^{[1
]}

Phadke, K. A. ^{[8
]}

Rennehan, D. ^{[10
]}

Rotermund, K. M. ^{[1
]}

Simpson, J. ^{[30
,31
]}

Spilker, J. S. ^{[26
]}

Sreevani, J. ^{[8
]}

Stark, A. A. ^{[6
]}

Strandet, M. L. ^{[9
,32
]}

Strom, A. L. ^{[33
]}

机构：

[1] Dalhousie Univ, Dept Phys & Atmospher Sci, Halifax, NS, Canada

[2] Yale Univ, Dept Astron, New Haven, CT 06511 USA

[3] Univ British Columbia, Dept Phys & Astron, Vancouver, BC, Canada

[4] Natl Res Council Canada, Herzberg Astron & Astrophys, Victoria, BC, Canada

[5] Univ Diego Portales, Fac Ingn & Ciencias, Nucleo Astron, Santiago, Chile

[6] Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, 60 Garden St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA

[7] Flatiron Inst, Ctr Computat Astrophys, New York, NY USA

[8] Univ Illinois, Dept Astron, 1002 W Green St, Urbana, IL 61801 USA

[9] Max Planck Inst Radioastron, Bonn, Germany

[10] Univ Victoria, Dept Phys & Astron, Victoria, BC, Canada

[11] Aix Marseille Univ, Lab Astrophys Marseille, LAM, CNRS, Marseille, France

[12] CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA

[13] Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA

[14] Univ Missouri, Dept Phys & Astron, Kansas City, MO 64110 USA

[15] Univ Chicago, Kavli Inst Cosmol Phys, Chicago, IL 60637 USA

[16] Univ Chicago, Dept Phys, Chicago, IL 60637 USA

[17] Univ Chicago, Enrico Fermi Inst, 5640 S Ellis Ave, Chicago, IL 60637 USA

[18] Univ Chicago, Dept Astron & Astrophys, 5640 S Ellis Ave, Chicago, IL 60637 USA

[19] European Southern Observ, Garching, Germany

[20] St Marys Univ, Dept Astron & Phys, Halifax, NS, Canada

[21] Univ Florida, Dept Astron, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA

[22] UCL, Dept Phys & Astron, London, England

[23] Univ Sydney, Sch Phys, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia

[24] Stanford Univ, Kavli Inst Particle Astrophys & Cosmol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA

[25] McMaster Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Hamilton, ON, Canada

[26] Univ Arizona, Steward Observ, Tucson, AZ USA

[27] Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Phys & Astron, Los Angeles, CA USA

[28] Natl Radio Astron Observ, Charlottesville, VA USA

[29] Univ Waterloo, Dept Phys & Astron, Waterloo, ON, Canada

[30] Univ Edinburgh, Royal Observ, Inst Astron, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland

[31] Univ Durham, Dept Phys, Ctr Extragalact Astron, Durham, England

[32] Int Max Planck Res Sch IMPRS Astron & Astrophys, Bonn, Germany

[33] Observ Carnegie Inst Sci, Pasadena, CA USA

来源：

NATURE | 2018年 / 556卷 / 7702期

基金：

美国国家科学基金会; 加拿大创新基金会; 加拿大自然科学与工程研究理事会;

关键词：

DARK-MATTER HALOS; SUBMILLIMETER GALAXIES; ELLIPTIC GALAXY; SPACE-TELESCOPE; EMISSION-LINE; PROTOCLUSTER; SEARCH; SIMULATIONS; PREDICTIONS; EVOLUTION;

D O I：

10.1038/s41586-018-0025-2

中图分类号：

O [数理科学和化学]; P [天文学、地球科学]; Q [生物科学]; N [自然科学总论];

学科分类号：

07 ; 0710 ; 09 ;

摘要：

Massive galaxy clusters have been found that date to times as early as three billion years after the Big Bang, containing stars that formed at even earlier epochs(1-3). The high-redshift progenitors of these galaxy clusters-termed 'protoclusters'-can be identified in cosmological simulations that have the highest overdensities (greater-than-average densities) of dark matter(4-6). Protoclusters are expected to contain extremely massive galaxies that can be observed as luminous starbursts7. However, recent detections of possible protoclusters hosting such starbursts(8-11) do not support the kind of rapid cluster-core formation expected from simulations(12): the structures observed contain only a handful of starbursting galaxies spread throughout a broad region, with poor evidence for eventual collapse into a protocluster. Here we report observations of carbon monoxide and ionized carbon emission from the source SPT234956. We find that this source consists of at least 14 gas-rich galaxies, all lying at redshifts of 4.31. We demonstrate that each of these galaxies is forming stars between 50 and 1,000 times more quickly than our own Milky Way, and that all are located within a projected region that is only around 130 kiloparsecs in diameter. This galaxy surface density is more than ten times the average blank-field value (integrated over all redshifts), and more than 1,000 times the average field volume density. The velocity dispersion (approximately 410 kilometres per second) of these galaxies and the enormous gas and star-formation densities suggest that this system represents the core of a cluster of galaxies that was already at an advanced stage of formation when the Universe was only 1.4 billion years old. A comparison with other known protoclusters at high redshifts shows that SPT2349-56 could be building one of the most massive structures in the Universe today.

引用

页码：469 / +

页数：19

共 87 条

[1] Planck 2013 results. XXII. Constraints on inflation [J].

Ade, P. A. R. ;

Aghanim, N. ;

Armitage-Caplan, C. ;

Arnaud, M. ;

Ashdown, M. ;

Atrio-Barandela, F. ;

Aumont, J. ;

Baccigalupi, C. ;

Banday, A. J. ;

Barreiro, R. B. ;

Bartlett, J. G. ;

Bartolo, N. ;

Battaner, E. ;

Benabed, K. ;

Benoit, A. ;

Benoit-Levy, A. ;

Bernard, J. -P. ;

Bersanelli, M. ;

Bielewicz, P. ;

Bobin, J. ;

Bock, J. J. ;

Bonaldi, A. ;

Bond, J. R. ;

Borrill, J. ;

Bouchet, F. R. ;

Bridges, M. ;

Bucher, M. ;

Burigana, C. ;

Butler, R. C. ;

Calabrese, E. ;

Cardoso, J. -F. ;

Catalano, A. ;

Challinor, A. ;

Chamballu, A. ;

Chiang, H. C. ;

Chiang, L. -Y. ;

Christensen, P. R. ;

Church, S. ;

Clements, D. L. ;

Colombi, S. ;

Colombo, L. P. L. ;

Couchot, F. ;

Coulais, A. ;

Crill, B. P. ;

Curto, A. ;

Cuttaia, F. ;

Danese, L. ;

Davies, R. D. ;

Davis, R. J. ;

de Bernardis, P. .

ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS, 2014, 571

[2] JKCS 041: a Coma cluster progenitor at z=1.803 [J].

Andreon, S. ;

Newman, A. B. ;

Trinchieri, G. ;

Raichoor, A. ;

Ellis, R. S. ;

Treu, T. .

ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS, 2014, 565

[3] THE ALMA SPECTROSCOPIC SURVEY IN THE HUBBLE ULTRA DEEP FIELD: SEARCH FOR [C II] LINE AND DUST EMISSION IN 6 < z < 8 GALAXIES [J].

Aravena, M. ;

Decarli, R. ;

Walter, F. ;

Bouwens, R. ;

Oesch, P. A. ;

Carilli, C. L. ;

Bauer, F. E. ;

Da Cunha, E. ;

Daddi, E. ;

Gonzalez-Lopez, J. ;

Ivison, R. J. ;

Riechers, D. A. ;

Smail, I. ;

Swinbank, A. M. ;

Weiss, A. ;

Anguita, T. ;

Bacon, R. ;

Bell, E. ;

Bertoldi, F. ;

Cortes, P. ;

Cox, P. ;

Hodge, J. ;

Ibar, E. ;

Inami, H. ;

Infante, L. ;

Karim, A. ;

Magnelli, B. ;

Ota, K. ;

Popping, G. ;

van der Werf, P. ;

Wagg, J. ;

Fudamoto, Y. .

ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL, 2016, 833 (01)

[4] THE SPITZER SOUTH POLE TELESCOPE DEEP FIELD: SURVEY DESIGN AND INFRARED ARRAY CAMERA CATALOGS [J].

Ashby, M. L. N. ;

Stanford, S. A. ;

Brodwin, M. ;

Gonzalez, A. H. ;

Martinez-Manso, J. ;

Bartlett, J. G. ;

Benson, B. A. ;

Bleem, L. E. ;

Crawford, T. M. ;

Dey, A. ;

Dressler, A. ;

Eisenhardt, P. R. M. ;

Galametz, A. ;

Jannuzi, B. T. ;

Marrone, D. P. ;

Mei, S. ;

Muzzin, A. ;

Pacaud, F. ;

Pierre, M. ;

Stern, D. ;

Vieira, J. D. .

ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL SUPPLEMENT SERIES, 2013, 209 (02)

[5] IS THERE A MAXIMUM STAR FORMATION RATE IN HIGH-REDSHIFT GALAXIES? [J].

Barger, A. J. ;

Cowie, L. L. ;

Chen, C. -C. ;

Owen, F. N. ;

Wang, W. -H. ;

Casey, C. M. ;

Lee, N. ;

Sanders, D. B. ;

Williams, J. P. .

ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL, 2014, 784 (01)

[6] MEASURES OF LOCATION AND SCALE FOR VELOCITIES IN CLUSTERS OF GALAXIES - A ROBUST APPROACH [J].

BEERS, TC ;

FLYNN, K ;

GEBHARDT, K .

ASTRONOMICAL JOURNAL, 1990, 100 (01) :32-46

[7] THE AVERAGE STAR FORMATION HISTORIES OF GALAXIES IN DARK MATTER HALOS FROM z=0-8 [J].

Behroozi, Peter S. ;

Wechsler, Risa H. ;

Conroy, Charlie .

ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL, 2013, 770 (01)

[8] THE ROCKSTAR PHASE-SPACE TEMPORAL HALO FINDER AND THE VELOCITY OFFSETS OF CLUSTER CORES [J].

Behroozi, Peter S. ;

Wechsler, Risa H. ;

Wu, Hao-Yi .

ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL, 2013, 762 (02)

[9] Submillimeter number counts at 250 μm, 350 μm and 500 μm in BLAST data [J].

Bethermin, M. ;

Dole, H. ;

Cousin, M. ;

Bavouzet, N. .

ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS, 2010, 516

[10] Clustering of submillimeter-selected galaxies [J].

Blain, AW ;

Chapman, SC ;

Smail, I ;

Ivison, R .

ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL, 2004, 611 (02) :725-731

← 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 →