Remanufacturing Models Under Technology Licensing with Consideration of Environmental Issues

Recently, the environmental and economic benefits of remanufacturing result in increasing interest of this concept. Due to supreme importance of this issue, in this paper, a closed-loop supply chain (CLSC) including a manufacturer, a distributor, and third-party logistics provider is considered. Three multi-level leader-follower Stackelberg game models are presented in order to investigate whether a manufacturer in addition to manufacturing new products should do remanufacturing or sets a fee for technology licensing of distributors and cooperate with them in remanufacturing. Furthermore, we conduct a sensitivity analysis to show how government can mitigate the bad economic, environmental, and social impacts of remanufacturing by setting an emissions tax price and evaluation of impacts of changing remanufacturing parameters on the profit of supply chain members on the three proposed models.