Influence of ground predators and water levels on Lapwing Vanellus vanellus breeding success in two continental wetlands

Insufficient productivity has driven population declines in grassland breeding waders with high levels of predation limiting productivity in many wetland reserves. We studied hatching and fledging success of Lapwings Vanellus vanellus in two continental river floodplains (Havel and Oder) differing in water regime and density of Red Foxes Vulpes vulpes to assess the effects of increased water tables as a management option. Nest predation rates were high on dry sites as well as on flooded grasslands in all areas irrespective of fox litter density. Carnivores formed the majority of the predators identified and eggshell remains suggested that mustelids took proportionally more nests at low fox densities. At unsuccessful nests on flooded grassland, an increasing incidence of nocturnal disturbances prior to predation indicated an influx of carnivores as the sites dried out. Brood survival depended on the availability of wet features, and productivity was thus linked to water tables in June in one area (Havel). Productivity was insufficient to maintain local populations in all areas and years except for two occasions related to increased water tables. Retaining high water tables throughout the breeding season therefore remains an important management option for waders on continental wet grasslands.