A dual-site simultaneous binding mode in the interaction between parallel-stranded G-quadruplex [d(TGGGGT)]4 and cyanine dye 2,2′-diethyl-9-methyl-selenacarbocyanine bromide

G-quadruplexes have attracted growing attention as a potential cancer-associated target for both treatment and detection in recent years. For detection purpose, high specificity is one of the most important factors to be considered in G-quadruplex probe design. It is well known that end stacking and groove binding are two dominated quadruplex-ligand binding modes, and currently most reported G-quadruplex probes are designed based on the former, which has been proven to show good selectivity between quadruplexes and non-quadruplexes. Because groove of G-quadruplex also has some unique chemical properties, it could be inferred that probes that can interact with both the groove and G-tetrad site of certain G-quadruplexes simultaneously might possess higher specificity in aspects of discriminating different quadruplexes. In this article, we report a cyanine dye as a potential novel probe scaffold that could occupy both the 5'-end external G-tetrad and the corresponding groove of the G-quadruplex simultaneously. By using various spectrum and nuclear magnetic resonance techniques, we give a detailed binding characterization for this dual-site simultaneous binding mode. A preliminary result suggests that this mode might provide highly specific recognition to a parallel-stranded G-quadruplex. These findings and the structural elucidation might give some clues in aspects of developing highly specific G-quadruplex probes.