Frequency and Genotype of Hepatitis D Virus Infection in Patients Infected with HIV and Those Undergoing Hemodialysis

Background: Hepatitis D virus (HDV) is a defective virus dependent on hepatitis B virus (HBV) for its replication. Due to HDV transmission routes, patients undergoing hemodialysis and those with HIV infection are at risk of acquiring HDV. Objectives: This study was aimed to determine the frequency and genotype of HDV infection among patients with HIV infection and those undergoing hemodialysis. Patients and Methods: 720 cases including 120 patients undergoing hemodialysis, and 600 patients with HIV infection were studied. All cases with positive results for HBsAg were evaluated for the presence of anti-HDV antibodies. Samples with Anti-HDV positive results were subjected to nested PCR for HDV-RNA confirmation, and sequenced for HDV genotype determination. Results: HBsAg was found in 9 (7.5%) of 120 patients undergoing hemodialysis, and 9 (1.5%) of 600 patients with HIV infection. 3 (33.3%) of patients undergoing hemodialysis with positive results for HBsAg, and 5 (55.5%) of cases with HIV infection and positive results for HBsAg, had positive findings for anti-HDV which were then subjected to nested PCR. The amplification results confirmed that in 3 (37.5%) samples HDV-RNA was detected. Overall 2.5% of patients undergoing hemodialysis, and 0.8% of cases infected with HIV had positive results for anti-HDV and 1.7% and 0.2% of cases undergoing hemodialysis and patients infected with HIV had positive findings for HDV-RNA respectively. All of the HDV isolates were clustered in clade 1. Conclusions: The survey showed that overall HDV frequency was not high in our high risk cases. Therefore, practitioners and health care managers should become aware of the risk of dual infection with HBV and HDV especially in high risk patients.