Association of Combined Modality Therapy vs Chemotherapy Alone With Overall Survival in Early-Stage Pediatric Hodgkin Lymphoma

IMPORTANCE To date, there is no well-defined standard of care for early-stage pediatric Hodgkin lymphoma (HL), which may include chemotherapy alone or combined modality therapy (CMT) with chemotherapy followed by radiotherapy. Although the use of radiotherapy in pediatric HL is decreasing, this strategy remains controversial. OBJECTIVE To examine the use of CMT in pediatric HL and its association with improved overall survival using data from a large cancer registry. DESIGN. SETTING. AND PARTICIPANTS This observational cohort study used data from the National Cancer Database to evaluate clinical features and survival outcomes among 5657 pediatric patients (age, 0.1-21 years) who received a diagnosis of stage I or II HL in the United States from January 1, 2004, to December 31, 2015. Statistical analysis was conducted from May 1 to November 1, 2018. EXPOSURES Patients received definitive treatment with chemotherapy or CMT, defined as chemotherapy followed by radiotherapy. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Kaplan-Meier survival curves were used to examine overall survival. The association between CMT use, covariables, and overall survival was assessed in multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression models. Use of radiotherapy was assessed over time. RESULTS Among the 11546 pediatric patients with HL in the National Cancer Database, 5657 patients (3004 females, 2596 males, and 57 missing information on sex; mean [SD] age, 17.1 [3.6] years) with stage I or II classic HL were analyzed. Of these patients, 2845 (50.3%) received CMT; use of CMT vs chemotherapy alone was associated with younger age (<16 years, 1102 of 2845 [38.7%] vs 856 of 2812 [30.4%]; P <.001), male sex (1369 of 2845 [48.1%] vs 1227 of 2812 [43.6%]; P <.001), stage II disease (2467 of 2845 [86.7%] vs 2376 of 2812 [84.5%]; P =.02), and private health insurance (2065 of 2845 [72.6%] vs 1949 of 2812 [69.3%]; P =.002). The 5-year overall survival was 94.5% (confidence limits, 93.8%, 95.8%) for patients who received chemotherapy alone and 97.3% (confidence limits, 96.4%, 97.9%) for those who received CMT, which remained significant in the intention-to-treat analysis and multivariate analysis (adjusted hazard ratio for CMT, 0.57; 95% Cl, 0.42-0.78; P <.001). In the sensitivity analysis, the low-risk cohort (stage I-11A) and adolescent and young adult patients had the greatest benefit from CMT (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.47; 95% Cl, 0.40-0.56; P <.001). The use of CMT decreased by 24.8% from 2004 to 2015 (from 59.7% [271 of 454] to 34.9% [153 of 438]). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this study, pediatric patients with early-stage HL receiving CMT experienced improved overall survival 5 years after treatment. There is a nationwide decrease in the use of CMT, perhaps reflecting the bias of ongoing clinical trials designed to avoid consolidation radiotherapy. This study represents the largest data set to date examining the role of CMT in pediatric HL.