Effects of Nefopam on Early Postoperative Hyperalgesia After Cardiac Surgery

Objective: The purpose of this randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled study was to evaluate the effect of nefopam, a centrally acting antinociceptive compound, on the development of hyperalgesia after sternotomy. Preventive strategy giving nefopam from the early stage of anesthesia was compared with a postoperative strategy only and placebo. Design: This study was double-blinded and randomized. Setting: It was conducted in a single university hospital. Participants: Ninety American Society of Anesthesiologists II to III patients scheduled for elective cardiac surgery. Interventions: Patients were assigned randomly to receive a 0.3-mg/kg bolus of nefopam at the induction of anesthesia followed by a continuous infusion of 0.065 mg/kg/h for 48 hours (G1), a 0.3-mg/kg bolus of nefopam at the end of surgery followed by a continuous infusion of 0.065 mg/kg/h for 48 hours (G2), or a placebo (G3). Postoperative analgesia was based on morphine patient-controlled analgesia and rescue analgesia when necessary. Postoperative hyperalgesia, pain scores, morphine consumption, and postoperative cognitive dysfunction were assessed for the first 48 hours and thereafter on postoperative days 4 and 7. Measurements and Main Results: The postoperative extent of dynamic hyperalgesia and the decrease of the nodceptive threshold evaluated by von Frey filaments at the sternal midline were smaller in group 1 and group 2 compared with the placebo group at the 24th hour. The primary objective was the extent of hyperalgesia at the midline given as the mean (standard deviation [SD]) (4.4 [2.5] cm for G1, 4.1 [2.7] for G2, and 6.1 [2.7] cm for G3. The punctuate is given as mean (SD) (64 [43] g for G1, 68 [40.8] g for G2, and 32 [27] g for G3; with p < 0.05 for the comparisons of extent and punctuate hyperalgesia between G1 and G3 and G2 and G3). The extent of hyperalgesia was not significantly different among the 3 groups on days 2, 4, and 7 after surgery. There were no significant differences in pain scores, morphine consumption, or postoperative cognitive dysfunctions. Conclusions: Nefopam administered during the perioperative period slightly reduced acute hyperalgesia after cardiac surgery, but this was not associated with improved analgesic efficacy. (C) 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.