Lymphoscintigraphy in plastic bronchitis, A pediatric case report

Plastic bronchitis (PB) is an uncommon, potentially fatal disease, marked by endobronchial cast formation causing variable degrees of respiratory distress. Primary and secondary pulmonary lymphatic abnormalities have been identified among the underlying mechanisms of cast formation. We present a case of PB where lymphoscintigraphy demonstrated the underlying lymphatic defect. A 6-year-old Hispanic male with congenital heart disease (CHD; post-Fontan) presented with recurrent pneumonia, respiratory distress. Bronchoscopy showed inflamed hypervascular mucosa and thick mucus plugs; no casts were seen. Later, PB was diagnosed after the patient expectorated a bronchial cast. Cast analysis showed lymphocytic aggregates with mucin and fibrin. Lymphoscintigraphy revealed abnormal lymphatic collaterals and retrograde trace reflux into the superior mediastinum, a picture consistent with thoracic duct lymph leakage into the tracheobronchial tree. The pathogenesis of PB is not fully understood, especially in patients with CHD. Chyle in bronchial casts suggests abnormal lymphatic flow. Reports of lymph flow abnormalities, especially endobronchial lymph leakage in CHD are limited. Lymphoscintigraphy in our case demonstrated clear evidence of retrograde lymph reflux and leakage into the bronchial tree. The case presented suggests that in some patients following Fontan surgery, high intrathoracic lymphatic pressure and retrograde lymph flow may contribute to recurrent cast formation. Finding the underlying lymphatic abnormality helps in specific case management. Lymphoscintigraphy is a safer and easier method than lymphangiography. Surgical lymphaticvenous shunting may be possible in select cases. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2013; 48:515518. (c) 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.