Parameterization of the effects of vertically propagating gravity waves for thermosphere general circulation models: Sensitivity study

A parameterization of gravity wave (GW) drag, suitable for implementation into general circulation models (GCMs) extending into the thermosphere is presented. Unlike existing schemes, the parameterization systematically accounts for wave dissipation in the upper atmosphere due to molecular viscosity, thermal conduction, ion friction, and radiative damping in the form of the Newtonian cooling. This is in addition to using the commonly employed breaking/saturation schemes, based on either linear Hodges-Lindzen instability criteria or its nonlinear extension to multiple-harmonic spectra. The scheme was evaluated in a series of tests of increasing complexity. In the thermosphere, the simulations suggest that the dissipation competes with the instability caused by amplitude growth, and can seriously alter GW propagation and the associated wave drag. Above the mesopause the GW drag is generally created by harmonics with fast horizontal phase velocities, which under favorable conditions can propagate into the F-2 layer. The effects of thermospheric dissipation are more complex than a simple exponential decay of GW fluxes above certain levels. We examine the sensitivity of the GW drag profiles to the variations of the source spectra typically employed in GCMs. These results suggest that GWs can provide strong coupling between the meteorological events in the lower atmosphere and the circulation well above the middle atmosphere.