The influence of social forces: Evidence from the behavior of football referees

被引：137
作者：
Dohmen, Thomas J. [1 ]
机构：
[1] Maastricht Univ, Res Ctr Educ & Labour Market ROA, NL-6200 MD Maastricht, Netherlands
来源：
ECONOMIC INQUIRY | 2008年 / 46卷 / 03期
关键词：
D O I：
10.1111/j.1465-7295.2007.00112.x
中图分类号：
F [经济];
学科分类号：
02 ;
摘要：
Analyzing the neutrality of referees during 12 German premier league (1. Bundesliga) soccer seasons, this paper documents evidence that social forces influence agents' decisions. Refrees, who are appointed to be impartial, tend to favor the home team by systematically awarding more stoppage time in close matches in which the home team is behind. They also favor the home team it? decisions to award goals and penalty kicks. Crowd composition affects the size and the direction of the bias, and the crowd's proximity to the field is related to the quality of refereeing. (JEL JOO).
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收藏
页码：411 / 424
页数：14
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