Toward new paradigms in coastal resource management: Linkages and institutional effectiveness

Explosive population growth is expected to continue in coastal regions, and growth rates many times the national average are expected in many coastal counties in the next two decades. Most shadow-water marine habitats now exhibit ''stress'' from human activities and linkages between adverse environmental impacts and coastal development are apparent. These linkages are complex, often not well understood, yet are expected to increase in strength as coastal populations expand. Sound science-based management strategies are essential if we are to preclude continued deterioration of coastal environments, Environmental management is a politically mediated activity, however, and a broad array of organizations, both public and private, collectively determine societal response to management decisions. While our current regulatory infrastructure has an exemplary record of achievement in environmental protection, the bet remains that adverse impacts to shallow-water marine habitats continue at significant rates. Both lack of scientific information and structural problems in our current institutional infrastructure are identified as impediments to better management performance for coastal habitats. Seven structural impediments to efficient science-based management in our current institutional infrastructure are identified. The issues are complex and comprehensive reform is politically difficult. Nonetheless, the magnitude, geographic scale, and temporal urgency of anticipated impacts from future growth and development scenarios argues strongly for the implementation of sound practical solutions to environmental protection on a sustained basis. Factors affecting management performance will also be amplified in an environment of limited investment in research and management infrastructure. Among the central themes are that science-based management practices in the future will require holistic approaches in which environment and economic development are inseparable. To work effectively large-scale, regional management schemes must build political consensus and integrate knowledge at unprecedented rates. Processes that increase rates of dissemination of scientific information into the public policy arena can significantly enhance management performance. Serious doubts are raised as to whether the current regulatory infrastructure can adequately respond to the complexity, scale, and urgency future coastal management will demand. White comprehensive institutional reform will be difficult, a number of ideas are advanced in the context of improving institutional performance to a level necessary for large-scale, sustained management of coastal ecosystems.